![]() ![]() Similarly, in the prehistory of Indo-Iranian, the velars */k/ and */g/ acquired distinctively palatal articulation before front vowels (*/e/, */i/, */ē/ */ī/), so that */ke/ came to be pronounced * and */ge/ *, but the phones * and * occurred only in that environment. (The example will be discussed below, under conditioned merger.) It was a phonetic change, merely a mild and superficial complication in the phonological system, but when * merged with */r/, the effect on the phonological system was greater. In Proto-Italic, for example, intervocalic */s/ became *. Many phonetic changes provide the raw ingredients for later phonemic innovations. For example, chain shifts such as the Great Vowel Shift (in which nearly all of the vowels of the English language changed) or the allophonic differentiation of /s/, originally *, into, do not qualify as phonological change as long as all of the phones remain in complementary distribution. Phonetic change in this context refers to the lack of phonological restructuring, not a small degree of sound change. For example, the devoicing of the vowels /i/ and /ɯ/ in certain environments in Japanese, the nasalization of vowels before nasals (common but not universal), changes in point of articulation of stops and nasals under the influence of adjacent vowels. įor the most part, phonetic changes are examples of allophonic differentiation or assimilation i.e., sounds in specific environments acquire new phonetic features or perhaps lose phonetic features they originally had. This can entail one of two changes: either the phoneme turns into a new allophone-meaning the phonetic form changes-or the distribution of allophones of the phoneme changes. This change is purely allophonic or subphonemic. Phonetic change can occur without any modification to the phoneme inventory or phonemic correspondences. This classification does not consider mere changes in pronunciation, that is, phonetic change, even chain shifts, in which neither the number nor the distribution of phonemes is affected. Unconditioned merger, in which all instances of phonemes A and B become A this is phonemic reduction, in which the number of phonemes decreases.Phonemic split (which Hoenigswald calls "secondary split"), in which some instances of A become a new phoneme B this is phonemic differentiation in which the number of phonemes increases.Conditioned merger (which Hoenigswald calls "primary split"), in which some instances of phoneme A become an existing phoneme B the number of phonemes does not change, only their distribution.Hoenigswald in 1965, a historical sound law can only affect a phonological system in one of three ways: In a typological scheme first systematized by Henry M. Mergers and splits are types of rephonemicization and are discussed further below. ![]() One process of phonological change is rephonemicization, in which the distribution of phonemes changes by either addition of new phonemes or a reorganization of existing phonemes. Sound change may be an impetus for changes in the phonological structures of a language (and likewise, phonological change may sway the process of sound change). Old contrasts may disappear, new ones may emerge, or they may simply be rearranged. In other words, a language develops a new system of oppositions among its phonemes. In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ![]() This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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